Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

The ocean and sea constitute about 70% of the earth 's surface. This absorbs solar energy due to which a temperature gradient of about 20°C exists between surface water and deep ocean water. This temperature gradient can be utilized in a heat engine to generate electrical power. The power obtained by this principle is called ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).

The first ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant was built by Georges Claude in 1930 in Matanzas Cuba. This system generated 20 kW of electrical power by using a low pressure turbine.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OTEC

The main objective of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is to convert the solar energy trapped by the ocean into electrical energy. The working principle of OTEC is based on the ocean's natural temperature gradient of about 20°C between the warm surface ocean water and cold deep ocean water at a depth of about 1000 m. According to Lambert's law of absorption of radiation.

Intensity I is given by the expression

I = I_oe^-μh

where, 

I = intensity of radiation at the surface.

h = depth of water

μ=absorption coefficient which depends upon the quality of water

In other words, the intensity of heat decreases with the increase in water depth. This temperature gradient is used to run a heat engine which drives an electric generator to produce electric power.

Due to low temperature gradients the overall efficiency of the OTEC system is 3 to 4%. The capital cost of OTEC is very high as the depth of about 1000 m is needed to obtain a temperature gradient of 20°C.

EFFICIENCY OF OTEC SYSTEM

The conversion efficiency of an OTEC system is given by the expression:

η = {(T₁-T₂)/T₁} x100

where,

T₁ = temperature of warm water in degree kelvin 

T₂ = temperature of cold water in degree kelvin

The efficiency of a heat engine working between two temperature limits cannot be more that of Carnot cycle efficiency (n). Due to this the overall efficiency is obtained by multiplying a relative efficiency factor (E.F.) to conversion efficiency (η).

The overall efficiency of an OTEC system is given by 

ηOTEC = (η) x E.F.

=(T₁-T₂)/T₁ ×E.F.×100 

Relative efficiency factor EF is about 0.4 to 0.6.

CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY

The available thermal gradient between surface warm water and deep cold water can be used to heat up and vaporize a liquid called working fluid. The working fluid develops pressure when it is vaporized. When the vapor is passed through a turbine it expands and rotates the turbine. It is then condensed into liquid at the turbine outlet and the cycle is repeated. The working fluid used in case of open loop system is water and in case of closed loop system is ammonia.

The generally used working fluid ammonia has certain advantages such as easy availability, low cost and superior properties as transport medium. Ammonia as a working fluid has disadvantages of being toxic and inflammable.

Another option for working fluid is Chlorofluoro-carbon (CFC), which is not toxic or inflammable but they are harmful to the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

TYPES OF OTEC SYSTEM

There are mainly two types of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems.

1. Open Cycle System

2. Closed Cycle System

Open Loop System or Claude Cycle System

In this system sea water is used as a working fluid. The warm water is evaporated in a chamber called an evaporator at a very low pressure. The vapor so formed is passed through a steam turbine where it expands and drives the turbine. The turbine is coupled with a generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Steam is generated at a very low pressure which requires a large volume of steam. So the diameter of the turbine is large and is of the order of 12 meter for 1 MW plant. The steam is condensed at the turbine outlet by the condenser. The water so condensed does not contain salts and can be used for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Advantages of Open Cycle System

1. The working fluid in an open cycle system is sea water which is not toxic or inflammable unlike ammonia which poses a problem when leaked.

2. It does not cause harm to protective ozone layer of the atmosphere unlike CFC.

3. Fresh water produced from condenser can be used for drinking and irrigation purposes.

4. Working fluid (i..e, water) is no threat to the environment.

Disadvantages of Open Cycle System

1. Huge amount of warm water is required for evaporation and huge amount of cold water is required for condensation.

2. The carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater is released into the atmosphere by the vacuum pump and it causes air pollution.

3. Volume of the working fluid is much larger than the closed cycle.

Closed Cycle OTEC System

It is also called the rankine cycle or Anderson cycle OTEC system. In this system, warm water from the ocean surface is pumped through an evaporator, where a low boiling point fluid like ammonia is evaporated. Then the vapor ammonia is passed through a turbine and drives it which runs a generator and produces electric power.

The working fluid is collected and condensed at the turbine outlet by the condenser with the help of cold deep water from the ocean. Liquid ammonia from the condenser is pumped back to the evaporator and the process is repeated. For all the time ammonia remains in a closed cycle and continuously circulated.

OTEC plant of 20 MW needs a large quantity of warm water for evaporator and huge amount of deep cold water for condensation.

Advantages of Closed Cycle System

1. Efficiency is higher in comparison to open cycle systems.

2. The size of the power plant decreases with increase of vapor pressure of working fluid. So overall cost is lower in comparison to open cycle systems.

3. The system is more compact in comparison to the open cycle. 

Disadvantages of Closed Loop System

1. The working fluid ammonia is toxic and inflammable.

2. Working fluid like CFC may cause depletion of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere.

MERITS AND DEMERITS AND LIMITATIONS OF OTEC SYSTEM

Merits

1. The OTEC system is a renewable energy source.

2. It is inexhaustible since it does not use any fuel.

3. Open cycle plants can also be used to produce fresh water for drinking purposes, which can solve the problem of scarcity of pure drinking water in coastal areas.

4. It has a great potential which has no emission of pollutant gasses.

5. The cold water (5°C) from the deep ocean can be used for air conditioning and refrigeration.

Demerits

1. The overall plant efficiency is very low and is of the order of 3%.

2. The capital cost of the plant is very high.

3. The working fluid used in closed cycle systems is ammonia, freon or propane which are very expensive.

4. Sea water is highly saline (contains salt) and thus it corrodes metallic parts. 

5. Leakage of working fluid in closed cycle systems causes pollution and may disturb the habitat of the aquatic sea animals.

6. Huge amount of pipe work is required for the OTEC plant as the plant involves a depth of 1000 m between warm surface water and cold deep ocean water.

7. The OTEC plant should be strong and capable of withstanding ocean storms.

Limitations

1. Capacity of the turbogenerator is limited to 25 kW due to limitation. of a small temperature difference of 20°C between warm and cold waters.

2. Due to low pressure available, a large turbine is required.

3. Construction of floating power plants is difficult. 4. Since the OTEC power plants are away from the load centers and sometimes off-shore, the transmission cost is high.

5. Sea ecosystem gets disturbed due to construction of plants and pipelines. 

POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES OF OTEC SYSTEMS

Potential

Large amount of solar energy is stored in oceans and seas. On an average 60 million km² of tropical sea absorbs solar radiation equivalent to the heat content of 245 billion barrels of oil. If this energy could be tapped, it would provide huge energy potential. India has an overall potential of 50,000 MW of OTEC energy.

Currently there is a floating OTEC project named Sagar Shakti of 1 MW of installed capacity, 35 km off Tiruchendur coast in Tamil Nadu.

Challenges of OTEC Systems 

1. A power plant based on OTEC poses an enormous challenge of building a 2500-3000 m long cold water pipe to transport the large volumes of deep sea water required from a depth of about 1000 m.

2. A 50 MW power plant will require a discharge of 150 cubic meter per second. That will require a pipeline of diameter of at least 8 m.

3. The cost of the pipeline is very high.

4. For off-share OTEC plants, there is a need for a submarine power cable.

5. Biofouling: Biofouling is the unwanted accumulation of algae, micro-organisms, marine animals and plants on the surface of pipes, evaporators and condensers. This reduces the efficiency of the OTEC.

CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION FOR OTEC PLANTS 

For selecting the suitable site for installing on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant, following factors may be taken into consideration.

1. The suitable site for the plant needs a difference temperature of about 20°C between the warm surface water and the cold deep ocean water. The higher the temperature difference, the more is the power output.

2. The site lies on the torrid and temperate zones between latitude 30° south and 30° North.

3. For a land based plant a site where slope falls off sharply from the land is ideal because the length of the cold water pipeline required is minimum.

4. In the floating type OTEC system the plant is placed on the ship which moves along the ship. The energy generated is consumed on the ship itself because it is very costly to transmit power from the sea to the seashore.

APPLICATIONS OF OTEC SYSTEMS

1. Power production by OTEC plants.

2. Fresh water production: In an open cycle OTEC plant, fresh water is produced.

3. Airconditioning and refrigeration: Cold water (5°C) being pumped to the surface can be used for air conditioning and refrigeration. 

4. Hydrogen production: Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis of water using power generated by OTEC plants.

CONCLUSION

It is a potential source of renewable energy which creates no emissions. It is also fuel free and has less environmental impact. In addition to power generation, it can supply pure water both for drinking and agriculture, and can provide refrigeration and air conditioning to the nearby coastal areas.

However, the OTEC system has high capital cost and lacks developed technology at present.

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What is Tidal Energy?

Oceans and seas have enormous amounts of energy lying in them. They are mainly tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy. The water in the sea or ocean has kinetic energy which can be utilized to generate electricity.

Tidal energy is due to tides generated by the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon on ocean water. All coastal areas experience two high tides and two low tides over a period of about 24 hours. The tides are the periodic rise and fall of ocean water.

The tidal movement is different from the wave movement. Waves have a period of about 6 seconds whereas tides have a period of about 12 hours. Waves are caused by the interaction of wind with the water surface. Whereas tides are caused by interaction of gravitational forces of the moon and sun on ocean water.

For the tidal energy to be able to harness, the difference between high and low tides must be more than 5 meters. These are only about 40 sites on earth with the difference of high and low tides of this magnitude suitable for harnessing tidal energy.

The tidal power projects are very expensive as compared to river dams, because large structures must be built in difficult locations of coastal areas. There are very few coastal locations in the world where tidal range is large enough to justify harnessing the tidal energy.

PHENOMENON OF TIDE

Tide is a periodic rise and fall of the water level of the sea or ocean. Tide occurs due to the attraction of seawater by the moon and sun. The effect of the moon is about 2.6 times more than the sun. Tides occur twice in a period of 24 hours 50 minutes called lunar day when the sea water rises and falls. The rotation of earth causes two high tides and two low tides everyday at any place.

When the sun and moon align in a line then it gives rise to spring tide on the occasion of the new moon and full moon. During these periods the sun and the moon act in combination to produce tides of maximum range. This occurs twice in a lunar month (about 28 days i.e., time taken by the moon for a complete revolution around the earth).

The sun and moon are at right angles with respect to earth on the first and third quarter of the moon. The tides produced are neap tides, when the tidal range is minimum.

During the remaining period tidal range gradually decreases from spring tide to neap tide and gradually increases from neap tide to spring tide.

When water is above mean sea level, it is called flood tide and when the water is below the mean sea level, it is called ebb tide.

POTENTIAL OF TIDAL POWER

There are limited sites for tidal power plants having tidal power potential all over the world. They include Canada, Argentina, England, France, China, Russia, USA, India.

Highest potential is available in Canada and as much as 29000 MW can be generated in the bay of Fundy.

A very few tidal power plants have been constructed so far. The largest tidal power plant is located in La Rance in France, which has completed 50 years of successful operation. Russia and China have very low potential.

In India tidal power is available at three main locations mainly Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and Sunderbans, Durgaduani in West Bengal. India has tidal power potential of 8000 MW to 9000 MW having 7400 MW in Gulf of Cambay and 1200 MW in Gulf of Kutch and 100 MW at Sunderbans.

The world's maximum potential for electric power generation by tidal energy is estimated at about 550 billion kilowatt hour per year. Even though tidal energy has a huge potential, there is very limited utilization at present because technology is yet to develop.

TIDAL ENERGY AND POWER

The tidal energy and average power that can be produced depends on the tidal basin of an area (A) which is filled at high tides and emptied at low tides. When water is released to sea through a turbine it generates electrical energy E and power P.

R = tidal range, i.e., the difference of water level at high tide and low tide.

r = head of pool water below which the turbine will stop to run or minimum head for turbine operation. 

ρ= density of seawater, i.e., 1025 kg/m³

g= acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s² 

The energy E generated in one filling or emptying process is given by the following expression.

E=1/2ρgA(R²-r²),Joules

Power,P=Energy,E/Time,t

=ρ.g.A.(R²-r²)/2t, watt

Where, t=duration of tide=6hours 12min 30 secs.

= 22350

COMPONENTS OF TIDAL POWER PLANT

The main components of tidal power plant are:

1. Dam or barrage

2. Sluice-ways from basin to the sea and vice versa

3. Power house

(1) Dam or Barrage

Dam or barrage is used for storage of water. Channels for turbines are provided in the barrage. Generally the barrage is constructed where there is sufficiently a high tide range to obtain a good water head.

The best sites are bays and estuaries. The nearer the barrage built to the mouth of the bay the larger the basin but smaller the tidal range.

(2) Sluice ways

Tidal power basins have to be filled and emptied. Gates are opened and closed regularly and frequently. lift gates are generally used in existing plants. However, flap gates technology has been under consideration as they are operated by water pressure and require no mechanical means of operation. However, flap gates allow only in the direction from sea to the basin.

(3) Power House

Because small heads are available in the tidal power plants, large turbines are needed as a huge amount of water is required at low head to produce sufficient power. Thus the power house is of large structure.

For low heads, three types of turbine are used:

1. Bulb turbine 

2. Tube turbine

3. Straight flow rim type turbine. 

The selection of the turbine is made according to the suitability of the tidal plant.

TYPES OF TIDAL POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS: 

There are four main types of tidal power generation systems:

1. Single basin single effect tidal power generation system

2. Single basin double effect tidal power generation system 

3. Double basin with linked-basin tidal power generation system

4. Double basin with paired-basin tidal power generation system

CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS

1. There are limited sites suitable for tidal power generation as it requires a large tidal range. At least 5 m of tidal range should be available.

2. Construction in the sea or in estuaries is difficult.

3. Sea water is saline, so it corrodes the machinery.

4. The head available for tidal power plants is very low which requires a large turbine size of proper design, and developed technology.

5. The water head available with the turbine varies over a wide range. This adversely affects turbine efficiency and overall efficiency of the power plant.

6. Long gestation period and low plant load factor. 

7. Design and manufacturing of machinery poses a challenge such as turbulence and cavitation effects, etc.

8. The tidal power plant must take into account the damaging effects of erratic weather conditions, cyclones, and tsunamis.

SELECTION OF SITE

Criterion for Selection of site:

1. The site must have a large tidal range.

2. The site should have capacity to store large quantities of water with minimum dyke construction.

3. It should be located near an estuary or creek for achieving a large storage capacity.

4. The site should be as near as possible to the load center to reduce transmission costs.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TIDAL ENERGY

Advantages:

1. It is a free, renewable and inexhaustible energy source. 

2. It is pollution free as it does not use any fuel.

3. It does not depend on rain so it is better than river based hydro power plants.

4. Tidal power plant does not require valuable land as it is located on the sea shore.

5. Tidal power is predictable and reliable as the tides are available twice in a day.

6. Running cost is low.

Disadvantages:

1. Tidal power plants are located far away from the load centers so transmission cost is high.

2. Capital cost of the plant is high..

3. Sedimentation and siltation of basins are major problems of tidal power plants.

4. The size of turbine and generators required is large as compared with river-based hydro-power plants. 

5. The navigation, i.e., water transport is obstructed.

6. Tidal Power Plant output is not constant. It varies with tidal range.

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What is Wave Energy?

The energy from ocean waves has huge potential. It alone could supply the world's electricity needs. The total power of waves available on the world's coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3 million megawatts. In some locations, the wave energy density can average 40 megawatts per kilometer of coastline. The real challenge is how to harness wave energy efficiently and with minimal environmental, social, and economic impacts.

Oceans and seas are the sources of wave energy. Waves are created by the interaction of winds with the surface of the ocean. It has both kinetic and potential energy. Wave energy has high concentration between the latitude of 40° and 60° in the southern and northern hemisphere. Coast lines of New Zealand and Japan, the west coast of Europe and the USA are suitable for wave energy generation.

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

The diagram of a sinusoidal ocean wave is depicted in fig. and its related terms are explained below.

1. Ocean wave: The up and down and to and fro motion of water is called ocean wave. It is periodic and sinusoidal in nature.

2. Wave energy: It is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred across one meter line at right angle to direction of propagation of wave.

3. Crest: The top most point of the sinusoidal wave is called crest.

4. Trough: The bottom most point of the sinusoidal wave is called trough.

Sinusoidal Ocean Wave

5. Wave height (H): It is the vertical distance between the crest and trough.

6. Amplitude (a): It is the maximum height of the wave from the baseline.

a = H/2.

7. Wave length (λ): It is the horizontal distance between the two successive crests or troughs.

8. Wave period (T): It is the time taken by the wave to cover a distance of one wavelength. 

9. Frequency (f): It is the number of wavelengths passed through a given point per second. f = 1/T.

10. Wave velocity (c): It is defined as the horizontal distance covered by the wave per unit time. It is also called celebrity. 

c =λ/T meter/sec.

11. Relationship between wavelength and time period: It is given by the following expression λ = 1.56 T² meter.

12. Relationship between wave height (H) and wind speed (U): The empirical formula showing the relation between the wave height and wind speed is given by the expression. 

H = 0.085 U² meters

U is wind speed in knots (1 knot = 1.4 km/hour)

FACTORS AFFECTING WAVE ENERGY

Wave energy depends mainly on three factors:

1. Wind speed: Wave energy is proportional to wind speed. The higher the wind speed, the more is the wave energy.

2. Effective fetch value: It is the distance on the ocean surface over which the wind blows before reaching the reference point. The more is the fetch value, the more is the wave energy. 

3. Depth of water: The more the depth of the ocean water column, the more is the wave energy.

WAVE ENERGY GENERATION

Wave energy generation is a developing technology. Although many wave energy devices have been invented, only a small number have been tested and evaluated and very few of these have been actually tested in ocean waves-testing is usually undertaken in a wave tank. Wave energy fluxes are smallest in summer and greatest in winter. 

Wave has both potential energy and kinetic energy. Up and down motion of water in vertical direction is due to potential energy and propagation of waves in horizontal direction is due to kinetic energy.

WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES

There are a number of types of wave conversion devices. The main types of these devices are given below.

Float Type Wave Energy Generator

In this type, a square float moves up and down with water. Four vertical ai files guide the float. A piston is attached with the float which compresses air in a stationary cylinder. The cylinder piston arrangement acts as a reciprocating air compressor. When the piston moves downwards it draws atmospheric air into the cylinder through an inlet check valve. When the piston moves upwards air is compressed in the cylinder which sends air through an outlet check valve to four underwater floating tanks via the four airfiles. These tanks serve two purposes, namely, buoyancy and air storage. The compressed air in the storage tank drives an air turbine which is coupled with an electrical generator. The generator produces electrical power which can be transmitted to the shore through cable.

Limitations of this type are:

1. It requires a linear array of a few km to produce power of 100 MW.

2. Sometimes water enters the turbine.

3. Problem of corrosion of metal parts due to saline water. 

4. Power transmission to shore is costly.

5. Design to withstand storms.

Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Type Energy Generator

India has a oscillating water column type wave energy system 150 kW capacity installed near Thiruvananthapuram. Wave power available at the site is 13 kW/m. This system consists of a chamber of size 10 m × 10 m with a height of 15 m. The chamber has a side opening through which water comes into the chamber for collecting wave energy. An air turbine is installed in the chamber which operates similar to a wind turbine. This turbine has a dia of 2 m and is coupled to an induction generator.

Dolphin Type Wave Energy Generator

The main components of Dolphin type wave generators are described below:

1. The supporting structure: It is built in the sea bed to provide support to the equipment. The structure is mounted on a pile foundation. It is also called a dolphin. 

2. Stationary generator: It is installed on the top of the supporting structure. It converts wave energy received through connecting shafts to electrical energy.

3. Floating generator: It collects wave energy from a float (buoy) through a gear arrangement and generates electrical power. 

4. Gear arrangement: Gear arrangement is provided for both the generators. This arrangement converts the movement into continuous rotational motion and generates electricity at the generator output. 

5. Connecting shaft: It is connected between the stationary generator and the floating generator. Connecting shaft provides the rolling motion about its own fulcrum and drives the stationary generator.

6. Float: It is connected to the other end of the connecting shaft. It has both rolling and oscillatory motion. It drives the floating generator and generates electric power.

High Level Reservoir Type

Sea water is fed to the high level reservoir on the shore by a pressure amplifier which is operated by wave energy. The potential energy of the water in the reservoir is used to run a hydraulic turbine which drives a generator and produces electric power.

Hydraulic Accumulator Type

This is similar to a high level reservoir type without any reservoir. It has mainly three components, namey, pressure amplifier; hydraulic accumulator and a hydraulic turbine. Wave enters the cylinder of the pressure amplifier from the bottom and drives the main piston. This amplifies the pressure of a closed loop fluid to about 5 bar. This high pressure fluid is sent to a hydraulic accumulator where it maintains constant pressure due to an air cushion. The fluid from the accumulator is passed through a hydraulic turbine like Pelton wheel or Francis turbine. The fluid drives the turbine which is coupled with the generator and produces electric power.

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF WAVE ENERGY

Merits

1. The power produced from wave energy is concentrated unlike solar and wind energy which are dilute in nature.

2. It is a renewable energy source and can produce a significant amount of energy.

3. It is free, no fuel is needed and no waste is produced.

4. It does not require a large land area. 

5. Very little pollution.

6. Operation and maintenance is not expensive

Demerits

1. A Smaller number of sites for large wave energy generation is available where waves are consistently strong.

2. Wave energy conversion devices are complicated in construction. 

3. These devices have to withstand the high force of storms.

4. Large capital cost is associated with wave energy generation.

5. It can disturb or disrupt life including changes in the distribution and types of marine life near the shore.

6. Poses a possible threat to navigation from collisions due to the low profile of the wave energy devices above the water, making them undetectable either by direct sighting or by radar.

7. The energy generation depends on the waves, so it gives variable energy supply.

8. Sea water is saline so it corrodes metallic parts.

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10 Importance of Communication

The basic of all human communication is getting a reply or response from the person with whom we are communicating with. Communication is the life-blood of any organisation. In fact, an organization cannot run smoothly without an effective communication network in place. Effective coordination among groups within the organization increases productivity and efficiency. So given below, are 10 Importance of communication.

10 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

[1] Information

The main objective of any communication is to the transfer or exchange of information. This information includes facts, ideas, opinions, feelings, values. The main purpose is to pass on information and make people more informed. The flow of information is internal as well as external. Internal information is passed on within an organization from the management to the employees in the form of job assignments, office procedures, policies, meetings, discussions, media, conferences, seminars etc. External information is passed on from outside the organization in the form of market research, exhibitions, trade fairs. This information includes the competitiveness of a product in the market. In the present scenario, the World Wide Web or the Internet has become a vital factor in the success of an organization.

[2] Problem Solving and Decision Making

Communication in big business organizations helps the employees placed in responsible positions in solving problems and taking important decisions. For example, if there is a strike in the company, the manager calls the leaders for a talk. He tries to get into the heart of the problem and if he conveys the right message to his seniors after making correspondences with the top officials and strikers, he is able to solve the problem. He is able to take important decisions after going through a lot of feedbacks and field studies when asked to decide upon the company's new plant or factory.

[3] Generating Motivation

Effective communication generates a motivational spirit among the employees of an organization. Goals for a particular project is set by the leaders at the top level. These well defined goals are then presented before the juniors who in turn understand it and give a feedback. The leaders examine the feedback and finalize the project. The leader motivates the juniors to put up their best. All these are done successfully by motivation and encouragement through effective communication.

[4] Building Human Relations

For industrial peace and prosperity the basic need is a healthy human relations. This is possible not only with good working conditions and environment but also with communication among the management and the workers. Through effective communication the management can convey its expectations to workers. The workers can also put up their suggestions and complaints in front of the management. Thus, this two way communication promotes cooperation and understanding among management and workers.

[5] Providing Job Satisfaction and Emotional Enrichment

Lack of effective communication result in confusion and misunderstanding among the employees. As a result their behaviour becomes defensive and they seemed to be dissatisfied with the job. The objective of communication here is to help letting out the feelings and emotions of the employees. It is only through communication they lift their morale up by conveying their unhappiness to their bosses or higher officials. At the end of the day when their grievances are taken care of they feel enriched and satisfied.

[6] Maintaining Relationship with External Organizations

Effective communication is not only essential for maintaining internal harmony of any organization but also for maintaining healthy relationship with other external parties such as customer, creditors, trade unions, research institutions, government organizations etc.

[7] To Boost Morale

Morale is a psychological factor. A company is highly successful if the morale of the employees is high. Morale includes many qualities like courage, confidence and determination. Since morale is not a permanent factor, company should put continuous effort to keep the morale of its employees high. In order to boost the morale of employees, a company should maintain an open door policy and should not allow harmful rumours to spread. The company should try to solve all the problems of the employees. It should allow the employees to adopt their own way of working.

[8] Order and Instructions

An order can either be given orally or in writing. An order is an internal form of communication which flows downward i.e. from the boss or head of company to the subordinates (juniors). Instructions are also orders which consist of the steps or ways to carry out orders. Written orders are issued when the nature of work is very important. The higher-ups (management) of the company or organisation should always be careful while handing out written orders and should always keep a copy of the order so that a follow up action can be taken. Orders can be of various types such as general orders, specific orders, procedural orders, operational orders and discretionary orders.

[9] Advice, Counsellings, Persuasion and Suggestion 

Advice, counselling, persuasion and suggestion are important objectives of communication.

Any organisation in order to be successful has to seek specialist advice from the outside world of business and at the same time give advice to its employees. Every good organisation has a counselling department with trained professionals including psychologists, social reformers and a panel of doctors. In this department, the employees with personal problems are guided and advised to come out of their problems in an organisation.

Sensible persuasion also plays an important role in the success of an organisation. The managers have to persuade their workers to take out their best efforts. Many organisations have also set up suggestion boxes for its workers expecting them to come up with constructive suggestions for the smooth functioning of the organisation.

[10] Education and Training 

Education and training are also vital objectives of communication in an

organisation. They are used to increase the level of knowledge of the employees. When a new employee joins an organisation he is given an induction training and educated about the culture, code of discipline and work ethics of the organisation. Education is also given to junior managers or personnel of an organisation to handle important assignments so that they get promoted to the next higher posts. The public outside the organisation is also educated through advertisements, informal meetings, newspapers and journals.

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